Sabtu, 20 April 2013

Direct & Indirect Speech




Direct Speech / Quoted Speech
Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech)
Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.
For example:
She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations." or "Today's lesson is on presentations", she said. 

Indirect Speech / Reported Speech
Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.
When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

Example Direct & Indirect Speech:
1. D : "I'm going to cinema", he said. 
    I  : He said he was going to the cinema
2. D : He said “The women comes” (Simple present-menjadi-Simple past)
    I  : “He said that the women came” 
3. D : Mother said to her son, “study hard”
    I  : Mother advice her son to study hard

Rules
1. Tense change
As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right):

Direct speech

Indirect speech
Present simple
She said, "It's cold."
Past simple
She said it was cold.
Present continuous
She said, "I'm teaching English online."
Past continuous
She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple
She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."
Past perfect simple
She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous
She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."
Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple
She said, "I taught online yesterday."
Past perfect
She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous
She said, "I was teaching earlier."
Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect
She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."
Past perfect
NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous
She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."
Past perfect continuous
NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.
 

2. Modal Change


Direct speech

Indirect speech
will
She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow."
would
She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
can
She said, "I can teach English online."
could
She said she could teach English online.
must
She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online."
had to
She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.
shall
She said, "What shall we learn today?"
should
She asked what we should learn today.
may
She said, "May I open a new browser?"
might
She asked if she might open a new browser.

Note - There is no change to; could, would, should, might and ought to.
Direct speech
Indirect speech
"I might go to the cinema", he said.
He said he might go to the cinema.
You can use the present tense in reported speech if you want to say that something is still true i.e. my name has always been and will always be Lynne so:-
Direct speech
Indirect speech
"My name is Lynne", she said.
She said her name was Lynne.
or
She said her name is Lynne.



You can also use the present tense if you are talking about a future event.
Direct speech (exact quote)
Indirect speech (not exact)
"Next week's lesson is on reported speech", she said.
She said next week's lesson will be on reported speech.

3. Time change


If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting.
For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting.
Now
+ 24 hours - Indirect speech
"Today's lesson is on presentations."
She said yesterday's lesson was on presentations.
or
She said yesterday's lesson would be on presentations.

Expressions of time if reported on a different day
this (evening)
that (evening)
today
yesterday ...
these (days)
those (days)
now
then
(a week) ago
(a week) before
last weekend
the weekend before last / the previous weekend
here
there
next (week)
the following (week)
tomorrow
the next/following day
In addition if you report something that someone said in a different place to where you heard it you must change the place (here) to the place (there).
For example:
At work
At home
"How long have you worked here?"
She asked me how long I'd worked there.
4. Pronoun Change
In reported speech, the pronoun often changes.
For example:
Me
You
"I teach English online."
Direct Speech

She said, "I teach English online."
"I teach English online", she said.
Reported Speech
She said she teaches English online.
or
She said she taught English online.
 
Direct and Indirect Speech devided into 3 parts:

1. Statement
Dalam Indirect Statement kita menggunakan kata that (bahwa) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar (introduce phrase) dan kata-kata yang dilaporkan (reported words). Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam indirect statement ialah :
He said
He said to me                    that + reported words
He told me
Example:
- Mary told her friends “I have been to Bali twice.”// Mary told her friends that she had been to Bali twice.
- Father said “I am going out of town tomorrow"// Father said that he was going out of town the following day.
My sister said to me “I don’t like tennis”// My sister said to me that she didn’t like tennis.

2. Command
Command dibagi dalam 2 (dua) bagian yaitu : 
1. Positive Command 
Dalam perintah positif kita tambahkan to di depan kalimat perintahnya, sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan perintah yang dilaporkan. Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam jenis ini ialah :  
- He asked me “Open your book” // He asked me to open my book.
- Mary told me “Stop talking to Jane” // Mary told me to stop talking to Jane.
2. Negative Command
Dalam  perintah negatif kita tambahkan not  to di depan perintah yang dilaporkan
- Mary told John “Don’t wait for me”// Mary told John not to wait for her
Father asked her “Don’t go there alone”// Father asked her not to go there alone.

3. Question
Bila pertanyaan langsung (direct question) menggunakan kata-kata tanya seperti ; Where, When, Why, What, Who, How, dll, maka kata-kata tersebut digunakan sebagai penghubung dalam reported Speech. Pertanyaan yang dilaporkan berubaha menjadi bentuk positif. Kalimat pengantarnya ialah :  
The man asked me : “Where do you live ?” // The man asked me where I lived.
- He asked me : “How will you go there ?”// He asked me how I would go there.

Referensi : in here

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