Phrase Clause Sentence

Phrase

A group of two or more grammatically linked words that do not have subject and predicate is a phrase.Phrase The words in a phrase act together so that the phrase itself functions as a single part of speech. For example, phrases can function as nouns, verbs, adjectives, or adverbs.

Noun Phrase

A noun phrase is built around a single noun, for example:

A vase of roses stood on the table.

She was reading a book about the emancipation of women.

Verbs Phrase

A verb phrase is the verbal part of a clause, for example:

She had been living in London.

I will be going to college next year.

Adjective Phrase

An adverbial phrase is built round an adverb by adding words before and/or after it, for example:

The economy recovered very slowly.

They wanted to leave the country as fast as possible.

Prepositional Phrase

In a prepositional phrase the preposition always comes at the beginning, for example:

I longed to live near the sea.

The dog was hiding under the kitchen table.

Of course, we also use the word phrase to refer to a short group of words that have a particular meaning when they are used together, such as rain cats and dogs, play for time, or a square meal. This type of phrase is often referred to as an idiom.

Clause

A clause is a group of words that contains a verb (and usually other components too). A clause may form part of a sentence or it may be a complete sentence in itself. For example:

Main clause

Every sentence contains at least one main clause. A main clause may form part of a compound sentence or a complex sentence, but it also makes sense on its own, as in this example:

He was eating a bacon lasagna.

She had a long career/ but she is remembered mainly for one early work.

Compound sentences are made up of two or more main clauses linked by a conjunction such as and, but, or so, as in the following examples:

I love sport	and	I’m captain of the local football team.
[main clause]	[conjunction]	[main clause]

She was born in Germany	but	her mother is Paris
[main clause]	[conjunction]	[main clause]

Subordinate clause

A subordinate clause depends on a main clause for its meaning. Together with a main clause, a subordinate clause forms part of a complex sentence. Here are two examples of sentences containing subordinate clauses:

After we had had lunch,	we went back to work.
[subordinate clause]	[main clause]

I first saw her in Paris,	where I lived in the early nineties.
[main clause]	[subordinate clause]

Relative clause

A relative clause is one connected to a main clause by a word such as which, that, whom, whose, when, where, or who

I was wearing the shoes that I bought to wear to Ann’s party.

I saw him in Germany where I lived in the early nineties.

Sentence

A sentence is a group of words that makes complete sense, contains a main verb, and begins with a capital letter. Sentences are used: 

to make statements: The market stays open until 10 p.m.

to ask questions or make requests: Can I help you?

to give orders: Come here at once!

to express exclamations: It’s so cold!

A simple sentence contains one independent clause: Mary went to the store

A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that usually are joined in one of two ways:

A comma and coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet)

Example: Mary went to the store, and she bought some bread

A semicolon

Example: Mary went to the store; she bought some bread

A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses

Example: Mary went to the store because she needed bread

A compound-complex sentence contains two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause

Example:  Mary went to the store, and she bought some bread that she needed

Parts Of Speech

PARTS OF SPEECH

“Parts of speech” are the basic types of words that English has. Most grammar books say that there are eight parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions and interjections

1.     Noun (kata benda)

A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, action, and abstract idea. Nouns are usually the first words which small children learn. Noun divided into several categories such as

· Countable nouns name nouns that you can count. Example: Table, book, pen, car, etc.

· Uncountable nouns name nouns that you can’t count. Example Sugar, butter, rice, water
  For example, we cannot count "milk". We can count "bottles of milk" or "litres of milk",
  but we cannot count "milk" it self.

· Proper Nouns is the special word (or name) that we use for a person, place or organization.
  Example: Empire State Building, England, etc.

· Compound Nouns are made up of two or more words. Example: Daylight, eyeglasses, snowflake, etc

· Common Nouns name people, places or things that are not specific.
  Example : Man, building, ocean, country, etc

·  An Abstract Nouns denotes a quality, action or idea. It can neither seen nor be touched. We can only think of them. Example: Truth, honesty, fear, belief, grammar, sympathy, love, pride, freedom, etc.

· Concrete Nouns name nouns that you can find out with your five senses.
  Example : Photograph, apple, eyes, light, dark, dog, etc.

· Collective nouns refer to groups of people or things. Collective nouns can usually be counted;
  therefore, they have plural forms. 

  Example:  herd         gang       staff         bunch      state

    herds       gangs     staffs        bunches    states

· Singular Nouns name one person, place, thing, or idea. Example : Ship, hero, monkey, baby, etc.

· Plural Nouns name more than one person, place, thing, or idea.

  Example : Ships, heroes, monkeys, babies, etc.

2.     Pronoun (kata ganti)

A pronoun is a word which takes the place of a noun or stands in for an unknown noun. The noun which the pronoun replaces is called its antecedent.

·       Personal Pronoun A personal pronoun can refer to the person or people speaking ("first person"), spoken to ("second person") or spoken about ("third person"). Personal pronouns have distinct forms for each of these three "persons", as well as for singular and plural:

		Singular	Plural
first person (the person speaking)	subject:	I	we
	object:	me	us
second person (the person spoken to)	subject:	you	you
	object:	you	you
third person (the person spoken about)	subject:	he, she, it	they
	object:	him, her, it	them

Example:    I wanted to give it to him, but you wouldn't let me.

      I   = first person singular

      him = third person singular

      you = second person singular or plural

      me  = first person singular 

·       Possessive Pronouns These are used to show ownership. (mine, his, hers, your, theirs, ours) 

      Example : That house is ours.

·       Indefinite pronouns have no specific antecedents. 

     Although an indefinite pronoun may refer to someone or something identifiable, 

     it refers to them in general with the notion of all, some, any, or none. 

     Example: Singular - Somebody was stealing my car. Plural-Many were saying that they liked the book. 

·       Reflexive Pronouns and Intensive

     These end in self or selves. (himself, herself, myself, itself, themselves, yourself  

     Example : He go to school by himself. // She herself visited hospital)

·       Interrogative Pronouns These are pronouns that are found in questions. 
     Another name for a question is an interrogative sentence. (what, whom, whose, who, which)

     Example :

     Who has been sitting in my chair?

     Which chair are you talking about?

     What do you want?

     Whose car did you drive here?

     For whom will you vote?

· Relative Pronouns (that, which, who, whom, whose, whichever, whoever, whomever)

  Example :I went to see the singer who was in town.

  ("Who" is a relative pronoun which is the subject of the relative clause "who was in town.")

·  Demonstrative Pronouns These represent a thing or things. (this, that, these, those)

   Example: This is the shrimp that I want to eat. // These are my pencil

3.     Verb (kata kerja)

A verb is a word which describes an action (doing something) or a state (being something) 

Example: walk, talk, thing, believe, like, want. 

 ·     Transitive verbs take objects. That is, these verbs carry the action of a subject and apply it to an object. 

     Example: read, build, write, open, close, etc·    

 -  Intransitive verbs: Tom danced (The intransitive verb "danced" is a complete action by itself and does 

    not require a direct object to receive the action)

·     Lingking verbs: look, stay, appear, sound, taste, feel, etc.

·     Auxiliary Verbs:  is, am, are, was, were, have, can, might, etc

·     Finite Verbs:  read, write, grow, sleep, etc

·     Regular Verbs: called, visited, phoned, etc.

·     Irregular Verbs:  writted, read, spoken, rang, etc

4.     Adverbs (kata keterangan)

An adverb is a word which usually describes a verb. It tells you how something is done. 

It may also tell you when or where something happened.

Examples: slowly, intelligently, well, yesterday, tomorrow, here, everywhere

She always talks slowly.// The dress is very expensive.

5.     Adjective (kata sifat)

An adjective is a word that describes a noun. It tells you something about the noun.

Examples: big, yellow, thin, amazing, beautiful, quick, important

In English, adjectives (adj) subdivided into:

- Quality Adjectives               : She look beautiful.

- Possessive Adjectives          : My new cars are very expensive.

- Demonstrative Adjectives    : That key is on the table.

- Interrogative Adjective        : Whose bag is this?

- Quantity Adjectives             : Some shoes are in the box.

- Numeral Adjectives             : I have 2 pens and 1 pencils.

- Proper Adjectives                : Ryan Keith is British.

- Distributive Adjectives        : You can read every novel in my house.

6.     Preposition (preposisi/kata depan)

A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition.

A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence as in the following examples:

The book is on the table.

The book is beneath the table.

The book is leaning against the table.

The book is beside the table.

She held the book over the table.

She read the book during class.

7.      Conjunction (konjungsi/kata sambung)

A conjunction joins two words, phrases or sentences together.

·       Coordinating Conjunction: and, for, or, yet, but, so, because

     Example:

     Do you want to study math or English?

     (The coordinating conjunction "or" is linking two nouns)

·       Correlative Conjunctions: both-and, either-or, neither-or, not only-but also

     Example: We can study either math or English

·       Subordinating Conjunctions: after, although, as if, as thought, if, even if, even though, that, thought, because, since, before, so that, until, when(ever), where(ever), whether

Example:  Whenever we go to the lake, I always get bitten by mosquitoes.

"Whenever" is a subordinating conjunction that joins

          the dependent clause, "whenever we go to the lake,"

          to the rest of the sentence. The dependent clause

          is subordinate, or "of lesser status," because it

          cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.

8.     Interjection

An interjection is an unusual kind of word, because it often stands alone. Interjections are words which express emotion or surprise, and they are usually followed by exclamation marks.
Examples: Ouch!, Hello!, Hurray!, Oh no!, Ha! Well Done!

Wow! That’s amazing. Ouch! That hurts. Hi! How are you? Well, iam hurt a bit.